The mechanisms of photo bio modulation for chronic pain relief Prof Dana York, D.D.S., M.S., Ph.D., Dipl. Educ. , quandham New York University Dental School, President of the European Medical Laser Association Introduction Laser Therapy is ecologically free, has no side effects, replacement for conventional therapy of chronic pain, can
Many changes occur in the kidney before and after birth. Hydronephrosis indicates there is more urine filling up in the kidney than is expected. It implies that there is an imbalance between the amount of urine being formed and the urine transported down the ureter into the bladder and outside. As the kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra and importantly the joint between the adjacent structures grow, the degree of hydronephrosis may improve or worsen. This is the predominant reason why the doctor wants to repeat the ultrasound again and again till one and a half years of age.
Background: DJ stents placed at the end of pediatric urological procedures require another cystoscopy under general anaesthesia for removal. The second author developed a reproducible technique for snaring the DJ stent using a feeding tube (6 or 8 FG) and a 3/0 prolene suture perurethrally . Having demonstrated the proof of concept, ethical clearance was obtained for an institutional randomised controlled trial.
